List of Figures

Pressure-temperature phase diagram (blue zone = liquid, green zone = vapor, yellow zone = supercritical).

Density-pressure phase diagram: 1) ideal gas, 2) two-phase area, 3) compressible liquid).

Definition of rays emitted from cluster: P - polar ray, Θ - zenith (latitudinal) angle, Φ - azimuth (longitudinal) angle.

Radiation reflection and transmission at the interface of absorptive media.

Radiation transmission through a transparent medium.

Radiation reflection at the surface (blue - incident light, red - reflected light).

Diffuse reflection (blue - incident light, red - reflected light).

Ideal specular (mirror) reflection (blue - incident light, red - reflected light).

Definition of radiant fluxes.

The flow parameters averaging on the stator-rotor interface: 1) Computational domain or fluid subdomain; 2) Local rotating region and its boundaries sliced into rings.

Rotor-stator grid interface: a) initial position of the rotor and stator cells; b) rotor cells slides with respect to the stator cells (φ = ωt).

Flow Simulation representation of the two-resistor model: 1) High Conductivity Block (Junction), 2) Top Plate (Case, θJC), 3) Bottom Plate (Board, θJB), 4) Adiabatic walls, 5) PCB.

Flow Simulation representation of the Thermoelectric Cooler model: 1) object being cooled, 2) TEC, 3) heat sink, 4) cold side, 5) hot side.

Computational mesh near the solid/fluid interface: black circles on a white background – centers of fluid control volumes, black circles on a gray background – centers of solid control volumes, red dashed line – original curved geometry boundary.

The computational mesh cells of different types: 1) fluid cells, 2) solid-fluid boundary cells, 3) solid cells.

Specifying custom control planes (Pd - default, Pc - custom): I1: Ncell = 12 (automatic), R = 2; I2: Ncell = 12 (manual), R = 1; I3: Ncell = 3 (automatic), R = 1.5.

Fluid cell refinement due to the Cell Mating rule.

Lssf = 1, Lcur = 0, Lch = 0.

Lssf = 0, Lcur = 0, Lch = 1.

Lcur = 3; Ccur = 0.1 (α = 6°, β = 174°).

Ltol = 3; Ctol = 0.1 mm.

Lssf = 3; Channels refinement is disabled.

Lssf = 3; Channels refinement is on: Nch = 5, Lch = 2.

Lssf = 3; Channels refinement is on: Nch = 5, Lch = 5.

One mesh cell can contain more than one fluid and/or solid volume; during calculation each volume has an individual set of parameters depending on its type (Fi - fluid or Si - solid).

If the wall thickness is greater than the basic mesh cell's size across the wall or if the wall creates only one fluid volume in the cell, then the opposite sides of the wall will not lay within the same cell. Such walls are resolved with two or more cells across.

The local mesh settings used: two narrow channels are refined to have 10 cells across them.

The critical result parameter value (P) vs.the total number of computational mesh cells (Ncell).

Refinement in the regions where the local initial meshes are specified: Global Domain level = 1, Local Mesh 1 level = 2, Local Mesh 2 level = Use Global, Local Mesh 3 = Disabled.

Refinement strategy: green line - collecting of the statistics is prohibited; blue line - monitoring interval where statistics are collected, red dot - refinement point.

Heating the vortex core in a vessel.

The Periodic mode of the Flow Freezing (V - freezing, X - no freezing).

Air jet outflow from a body face into a still air.